Posterior capsular fibrosis in professional baseball pitchers: case series of MR arthrographic findings in six patients with glenohumeral internal rotational deficit.

Assessing posterior shoulder contracture: the reliability and validity of measuring glenohumeral joint horizontal adduction.

CONTEXT Increased contracture of the dominant posterior shoulder in throwing athletes has been associated with the development of altered shoulder rotational motion as well as several shoulder conditions. Clinicians must be able to accurately and reliably measure posterior shoulder contractures during the evaluation of such athletes in order to provide appropriate treatment. OBJECTIVE To eval...

Glenohumeral Range of Motion in Major League Pitchers

BACKGROUND Although overhead throwing athletes may develop unique glenohumeral range of motion characteristics, to our knowledge these characteristics have not been studied longitudinally in major league pitchers. HYPOTHESIS Major league pitchers (starters and relievers) experience an increase in glenohumeral external rotation and a decrease in internal rotation and total range of motion. Gle...

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in throwing athletes: current perspectives

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is an adaptive process in which the throwing shoulder experiences a loss of internal rotation (IR). GIRD has most commonly been defined by a loss of >20° of IR compared to the contralateral shoulder. Total rotational motion of the shoulder is the sum of internal and external rotation and may be more important than the absolute value of IR loss. Path...

Glenohumeral joint total rotation range of motion in elite tennis players and baseball pitchers.

UNLABELLED The amount of glenohumeral joint internal and external rotation used during overhead sport activities has been measured experimentally by sports scientists. Clinical measurement of glenohumeral joint internal and external rotation using goniometry is an integral part of a shoulder evaluation after injury or surgery or during preseason or preventative musculoskeletal screenings. PUR...

Comparison of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (gird) and Humeral Retroversion in College Baseball Pitchers over the Course of a Competative Season